SmartARM: A smartphone-based group activity recognition and monitoring scheme for military applications

© 2017 IEEE. In this paper we propose SmartARM-A Smartphone-based group Activity Recognition and Monitoring (ARM) scheme, which is capable of recognizing and centrally monitoring coordinated group and individual group member activities of soldiers in the context of military excercises. In this implementation, we specifically consider military operations, where the group members perform similar motions or manoeuvres on a mission. Additionally, remote administrators at the command center receive data from the smartphones on a central server, enabling them to visualize and monitor the overall status of soldiers in situations such as battlefields, urban operations and during soldier's physical training. This work establishes-(a) the optimum position of smartphone placement on a soldier, (b) the optimum classifier to use from a given set of options, and (c) the minimum sensors or sensor combinations to use for reliable detection of physical activities, while reducing the data-load on the network. The activity recognition modules using the selected classifiers are trained on available data-sets using a test-train-validation split approach. The trained models are used for recognizing activities from live smartphone data. The proposed activity detection method puts forth an accuracy of 80% for real-time data

Map showing the geographical distribution of the cultivars (i) after Bayesian clustering assignment (black, grey and white pie chart in each linked pair of charts), (ii) of the ploidy levels inferred from the number of alleles per microsatellite locus, (iii) and of the multi-locus lineages (MLLs) in cultivated taro (coloured pie chart in each linked pair of charts).

<p>Map showing the geographical distribution of the cultivars (i) after Bayesian clustering assignment (black, grey and white pie chart in each linked pair of charts), (ii) of the ploidy levels inferred from the number of alleles per microsatellite locus, (iii) and of the multi-locus lineages (MLLs) in cultivated taro (coloured pie chart in each linked pair of charts).</p

Maximum number of alleles at loci, genetic diversity parameters and index of clonal diversity within the 357 cultivars of <i>Colocasia esculenta</i> obtained by genotyping with 11 nuclear microsatellite loci.

<p>Maximum number of alleles at loci, genetic diversity parameters and index of clonal diversity within the 357 cultivars of <i>Colocasia esculenta</i> obtained by genotyping with 11 nuclear microsatellite loci.</p

Distribution of the cultivars in Clusters 1 and 2 and in the sub-clusters after STRUCTURE analysis.

<p>Distribution of the cultivars in Clusters 1 and 2 and in the sub-clusters after STRUCTURE analysis.</p

Geographical distribution of the 18 multilocus lineages (MLLs) found within or in more than one country.

<p>Total number of cultivars for each MLL are shown below.</p

Genetic relationships and Genetic structure of the 136 genotypes (UGs and MLLs).

<p>(A) Unrooted neighbor-joining tree, based on 11 microsatellite markers, using Dice distance, showing genetic relationships among 136 genotypes. Each node label is colour-coded according to membership in the two clusters C1 and C2 identified by STRUCTURE. Genotypes assigned to admixed groups are shown in black. Outer circles are colour-coded according to sub-clustering within Clusters 1 and 2. Genotypes assigned to admixed groups after sub-clustering are shown in black. (B) Cluster assignment of 136 taro genotypes estimated using STRUCTURE for K = 2 and sub-cluster within each cluster for K = 3. The genome of each individual is represented by a vertical line, which is partitioned into K colored segments that represent the admixture coefficient, i.e the estimated proportion of membership of its genome in each of the K clusters. API: Genotypes from Asia, Pacific and India. AP: Genotypes from Asia and Pacific. 1, 2, 3 and A: Sub-clusters and admixed genotypes within each cluster C1 and C2.</p

Minimum Spanning Network (MSN) representing the relationships between genotypes within the 18 multilocus lineages.

<p>Each country is represented by different colour. The size of each circle is proportional to the number of cultivars, except for MLLs 2, 3 and 4. Due to the high number of cultivars, the central pie chart for MLLs 2, 3 and 4 has been shown at half-size and the full number of cultivars contributing is shown.</p